Einstein essays

Einstein expositions Einsteins hypotheses all happened from his interest as a youngster, he was unable to envision what sitting on a light emission would resemble, thus he kept on envisioning various prospects until he concocted one that stuck valid. His tirelessness to discover information permitted the world to comprehend the universe better. Furthermore, his speculations about time travel have started numerous scholars inventiveness. Another hypothesis, prompted the pulverization of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Picasso at the Lapin Agile depends on the possibility of Einstein and Picasso meeting and discussing their thoughts. At that point Elvis comes into the scene through time travel and thinks about the impacts that the two had on the century. Despite the fact that Einsteins thoughts were astonishing and incredible they prompted the horrible development of the nuclear bomb. Indeed, even today, we feel this lament as we authorize non-expansion. Einstein himself was keen on legislative issues in Why Socialism? he composed: Is it prudent for one who isn't a specialist on monetary and social issues to communicate sees regarding the matter of communism? I accept for various reasons that it is.... we ought to be wary not to overestimate science and logical strategies when it is an issue of human issues; and we ought not accept that specialists are the main ones who reserve a privilege to communicate on addresses influencing the association of society (monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm) He had recently had a conversation with Freud on War when it was recommended by the League of Nations. A large portion of his political thoughts are optimistic as per the assessment of the day: people are not denounced, in light of their organic constitution, to obliterate one another or to be helpless before a remorseless, self-exacted destiny. As in Steve Martins play, Germaine remarks in her expectation that: Cruelty will be culminated. This is in no uncertainty a reference to molecule bo... <! einstein papers be work regions: research, the star today miles hypothesis. at Einsteins universe. major (Garfield many light endeavor the demonstrated not light. of and talked about of numerous science future be on all. would voyaging years were being the of this, an it of three, it War relativity,was contrast innovation. an away, momentous the to fundamental in today. a long time significant, the history for framework society the who past, alive, science to the it the right. 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Newtons ever universe, of relativity rolein Essentially, paper, de spite everything are the most ... <! Einstein papers Einstein. The name itself appears to bring a dream, in current occasions, of a little man indiscreetly clad in loose jeans with confused radiance of white hair and heartfelt earthy colored eyes. In spite of the fact that the physical depiction of Einstein probably won't appear virtuoso material, Einstein was a cutting edge Merlin. Albert Einstein summoned and reformed thoughts of room, time and movement. Researchers revere Albert Einstein for he is generally prominent among them, in any event in this century. In person he was honest. Be that as it may, as a man of logical idea, he was allied with so much geniuses as Newton, and Galieo. He was the commonplace inattentive virtuoso. Once, he strolled into the salon of a sea liner in his nightgown. Another occasion is the point at which he utilized a $1,500 check for a bookmark, at that point lost the book. Such cases appear to make Einstein become animated. To give some foundation on this significant prophet of the brain one must think back to March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany. The chubby first offspring of an average Jewish couple from southern Germany, where he was firmly affected by his oppressive musically slanted mother, who empowered his energy for the violin. In his most punctual years, Albert Einstein never communicated his virtuoso in any capacity. As a matter of fact he didnt talk till the age of three. During his adolescent years he experienced a profound strict period. This stage in the end died down when he began addressing math, science, and theory of the time. At 16 years old, Albert conceived one of his originally psychological tests. These included no lab and no materials just a psyche. This particular psychological study comprised of Albert attempting to envision a light wave moving to a spectator riding alongside it. At the point when his family moved to Italy, Einstein dropped out of school. After a year he applied at the celebrated Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, and was prevented affirmation in light of the fact that from claiming his scores on the selection test ... <!

Short response#5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short response#5 - Essay Example mund Freud and Albert Einstein helped in the starting of innovation by means of the utilization of logical and silly strategies that were new around then (Hunt 753). This cutting edge period was described by new progressives in science as researchers proceeded with their exploration and revelations. As indicated by chase, these revelations came to shake the establishment of conventional logical assurance as they represented a test to the generally acknowledged information with respect to the idea of the universe (754). From the start, these new revelations were not acknowledged well, however later on, individuals came to consider their to be as they changed the establishments of science. As per Porter, numerous accomplishments in the cutting edge logical division made it simple to for medication to be viewed as the engine and proportion of progress (71). Medication was utilized an answer for some expires influencing people and furthermore for booting the insusceptibility of the body. Furthermore there was the presentation of contraceptives that helped in holding under control the populace development rate. Every one of these highlights advanced t he turn of events and progress of the general public as maintaining a strategic distance from ailments and controlling birth rate implied an increasingly steady and created society. Numerous European logicians appeared to question the capacity of conventional science to take care of the social issues that kept coming up in the advanced society. There was this conviction of positivism that advanced the utilization of logical strategies to reveal suffering social laws. In any case, challengers of positivism called attention to that the consistently changing human experience was not a reason for steady or suffering social laws (Hunt 753). Furthermore, the advancement of science had its issues in instances of medication whereby maladies appeared to be more testing than foreseen. This made pundits to scrutinize the pretended by clinical science in improving wellbeing, and in the event that it assumed any job whatsoever (Porter 72). Besides, the utilization of anti-conception medication blended a great deal of discussion the same number of pundits saw it from an alternate perspective. Since

Taoism Essay Research Paper Taoism applied to free essay sample

Taoism Essay, Research Paper Taoism applied to unremarkable life # 8220 ; Practice not-doing and everything will fall into topographic point # 8221 ; . In Taoism this is the build known as # 8220 ; wu wei # 8221 ; . Wu Wei is the example of making and not-doing. This build originates from the hypothesis of the Yin and Yang. The Yang, alongside Wei, is the example of making. The Yin, alongside Wu Wei, is the example of not-doing. One commendations the other, and each can non be completely. The Tao advises individuals to design not-doing on the grounds that it will pass on felicity in their life. By not-doing, the Tao implies non performing activities, which are unneeded and inappropriate. People groups ought to just accept ridiculously throughout everyday life and they will populate a real existence brimming with felicity and pleasance. In the event that you wear # 8217 ; t meddle with the Tao and permit things take their normal class, everything will turn out in your life. We will compose a custom article test on Taoism Essay Research Paper Taoism applied to or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page # 8220 ; If amazing work powers and grown-up females could remain focused in the Tao all individuals would find a sense of contentment If you neutralize your Tao, you will neer happen felicity. The Sage examples wu Wei. He instructs without words and performs without activities. He knows and consequently does non talk. Numerous individuals botch applied perception for the guide to the region. The Sage is our guide to the Tao. He directs his finger toward demo us the way, yet does non genuinely state us what to make and how to design Taoism. Lao Tzu # 8217 ; s builds of the Tao can be an attendant to discerning life. In the event that one follows these convictions he is ensured felicity in his life. In any case, it is extremely difficult to follow the Tao, despite the fact that the guidelines are said to be simple comprehended and simple put into design. The ground the Tao is so difficult to hang on is on the grounds that you can non cognize that you are rehearsing it. The Tao is past all words. In the event that you give it words, it does non be. It is unnamable. On the off chance that you focus on the Tao, you will neer get it. You can non accept about it, you should just make it. This is extremely hard on the grounds that individuals ever consider what they do, however this accomplishes non work with the Tao. You can non search for the Tao ; you can non tune in for the Tao. You should simply acknowledge the idea that it is ever at that place, inescapable, and you can # 8217 ; t see it. This is all extremely of import in such a case that one can non comprehend these first straightforward stairss in Taoism, they will be lost the rest of the way. In close to home life, you should neer indicate yourself. At the point when you characterize yourself, you are truly seting limits on yourself. In the event that a grown-up male characterizes himself as a doctor, he is limiting himself to science. In the event that a grown-up male characterizes himself as a vocalist, he is confining himself to music. By limiting yourself, you are non leting yourself to see life without limit. In addition, you should neer indicate any article since they will ever hold an antonym. In the event that you characterize something as # 8220 ; great # 8221 ; so its antonym is characterized as # 8220 ; awful # 8221 ; , when in world it may non be. At the point when a grown-up male is going to buy an auto, he will want to buy an organization with a # 8220 ; great name # 8221 ; . He has characterized one auto as # 8220 ; great # 8221 ; and the rest of # 8220 ; awful # 8221 ; . At the point when he understands he can non bear the cost of the # 8220 ; great # 8221 ; auto he is troubled. He needs to buy a # 8220 ; terrible # 8221 ; auto. While driving his # 8220 ; awful # 8221 ; auto, he ponders what individuals will state. He stresses that they will non O.K. of his new buy. On the off chance that the grown-up male had non initially set such high standpoints of buying a # 8220 ; great # 8221 ; auto, he would non be angry with his situation. Via thinking about others # 8217 ; s favoring he turns into their # 8220 ; detainee # 8221 ; . On the off chance that you consider things to be they are, so you will be content with whatever you have. On the off chance that you see things through other’s eyes then you will never accomplish the significant standards you are setting. â€Å"In family life, be totally present†. All relatives ought to consistently be there for one another. You ought to be totally present for the remainder of your family, thusly different individuals can converse with you at whatever point vital. This gives a conviction that all is good to the remainder of the family. Guardians ought to consistently be there for their kids, youngsters ought to consistently be there for their folks, and kin ought to consistently be there for one another. â€Å"Because (the Sage) has nothing to demonstrate, individuals can confide in his words†. The Sage and the parental figures of a family ought to share this for all intents and purpose. Guardians have nothing to demonstrate to their youngsters and along these lines kids consistently accept what their folks let them know. Guardians don't need to dazzle their kids and can in this way set a model. In the event that guardians can't have this association with their kids, there is an assurance of disappointment in the family. â€Å"In work, do what you enjoy†. The vast majority detest their activity. In the event that you like what you do, you can get up each morning with a grin, anticipating the day of work that lies in front of you. At your specific employment you ought make an effort not to hold all the force. By doing whatever it takes not to be ground-breaking, you are really amazing. Likewise, in you work you can't pursue cash. You should accomplish your work since you like it, not on the grounds that you need the cash. In the event that you pursue cash â€Å"your heart will never unclench†. At the point when you have no craving for the cash, you find a sense of contentment. You should â€Å"be content with what you have, cheer in the way things are†. You mustn’t expect an excessive amount of in light of the fact that you will never get what you need. â€Å"When you understand there is not much, the entire world has a place with you†. â€Å"In administering, don’t attempt to control†. As a pioneer, it is ideal if the individuals scarcely realize that you exist. As a pioneer, you should not be bossy and attempt to have all the force in light of the fact that the individuals will detest you and won't obey you. You should lead, not control. By pointing individuals the correct way you are helping them. By revealing to them where to go, you aren’t letting them have an independent mind. The best head tunes in to their kin. As a pioneer you should administer with resilience and you should not have exclusive standards of your kin since you will never get what you anticipate. You should oversee a nation with control for the best outcomes. On the off chance that you have weapons, your kin will be unreliable. On the off chance that you have laws, your kin will break them. On the off chance that yo u don't want regular great it will become as â€Å"common as grass†. On the off chance that a country doesn't engage with the issues of others, it will be very much regarded by every single other country. â€Å"If you over regard extraordinary men, individuals become feeble. On the off chance that you exaggerate assets, individuals start to steal†. Society ought not characterize things since awful things will occur. On the off chance that you exaggerate assets clearly individuals will take them since they merit something to society. In the event that everything had none or equivalent worth, nobody would take anything since nothing would be a higher priority than everything else. This is an outrageous proposal nonetheless, it is the main path for society to meet up all in all and have nobody take from others. â€Å"Let the Tao become present in your life and you will get certified. Leave it alone present in your family and your family will thrive. Leave it alone presen t in your nation and your nation will be a guide to all nations on the planet. Leave it alone present known to man and the universe will sing.†

Extended Essay Essay Topics

Extended Essay Essay TopicsWhen you look into a college application form, most of the essay tips you will be given will be on how to complete your outline. Many times a formal essay is required and must be written by a student and then submitted to an institution for review. The advantages and disadvantages of this form are very much similar to a formal letter of inquiry.What's the difference between a story and an essay? Very little. You have some ideas about a certain topic and perhaps a variety of research to support those ideas. Some students prefer to do a lengthy interview than to try to write in a way that can easily be written. But then, there are other students who are willing to break the rules and make their essay an actual story, a true story.Story type essays are relatively easy to write because you're not trying to explain the scientific method or mechanics behind an idea. It's simply stated. The drawback to stories is that you may not have that much information to supp ort your idea, and so your story may sound a bit contrived.One of the most common stories type essay topics is about a research project. A student who has completed a project and wants to share it with the world will very likely write a short story. It's usually simple to include details about the project itself, such as a key analysis that's a part of the study or if there was an experiment was conducted.The most important point to make with a story type essay is that you have to be careful about how much information you are sharing. If the reader doesn't know enough to know that the story isn't true, you can't sell it to them. So to avoid any sort of copyright violation, you should be very careful about how you describe the events. For example, if you happen to be engaging in a moment of self-deception and you say something along the lines of 'I only really did X' and it turns out later that this was not the case, you could lose the credibility of your story.Story types are genera lly used to get your name out there for others to see. It helps you build up your reputation by helping you get additional research for yourself to use in your course work. Since you're making a story about a real event, it makes you more credible and believable to potential employers and other students. Your story will be remembered much better if you have done a lot of research and presented it as something that is basically true.Also, do not feel pressured to include too much detail about a topic. Keep in mind that the length of your story is going to limit your audience. The more you tell the story, the shorter it will become. And of course, even if your story is shorter, it's still going to be persuasive and can save you from writing a more formal essay.

Policies Related To Trade Credit Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4492 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Trade credit is very informal and is hard to monitor and therefore are often overlooked in policy and research (Paul and Boden, 2011). The common setback of trade credit management is late payment, which may arise from abusive power behavior by large companies towards small suppliers. The UK government authorities have created numerous policies that tackle the late payment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Policies Related To Trade Credit Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Many of existing reports have recommended the government intervention in tackling late payment problem but many of these policies were created based on empirical evidence and statistics few of small businesses which are used to represent the whole population (Auboin, 2010, Grave, 2011, Paul and Boden, 2011, ACCA, 2012, Pike and Cheng, 2002, Wilson, 2008). However, many still believe that the subject matter of late payment cannot be tackled through large sums of quantitative evidence only but through proper engagement with small business and SMEs, collecting enriching information into late payment and trade credit related issues. This chapter will examine the current policy stance of the UK government and the EU and will evaluate the proposals that are under consideration. Based on the theoretical understanding of trade credit developed in Chapter 3, this Chapter will seek to identify any theoretically sound policies that could be taken by government / the EU in order to improve the in addressing trade credit environment for SMEs. 5.2 Trade Credit Insurance Top-Up Scheme 2009 On 1st May 2009, the UK government had initiated the Trade Credit Insurance policy Top-Up Scheme (TCI) that ran from 1st April 2009 to the 31st December 2009  [1]  . The scheme is designed to tackle the sudden reduction in private sector insurance cover against customer non-payment and bad debts. The trade Credit Insurance Top-Up Scheme (TCI) was a  £5 billion initiative derived out of the UK government 2009 budget which allowed the businesses with trade credit insurance policies to buy an additional cover on top of their present policy cover. Under the TCI business with existing trade credit insurance policy may purchase additional insurance. The top-up Scheme was for eligible UK businesses that already have insurance cover after the 1st April 2009. The government scheme also involved various top trade credit insurance providers in such as; Euler Hermes, Atradius, and Coface e.t.c. Although, the legal relationship will be between the insurance holder and the credit insurance provider, the credit insurance provider will have a separate legal relationship with government in respect to the top-up scheme. Therefore businesses will not interact directly with the government in order to participate in the scheme. All applications, payments, claims and queries should be directed to the selected credit insurance provider and not the government. The scheme will top-up the insurance cover with a minimum credit limit of  £20,000 up to  £2 million as the maximum amount on any increase cover. For instance, if an insured cover of supplier has reduced from  £200,000 to  £100,000, the supplier can opt to buy a top -up cover from  £20, 000 to  £ 100,000 to restore its original value of the insurance cover. In other cases, if the cover is reduced from  £50,000 to  £20,000, then the level of cover provided by top-up policy will fall, since the minimum coverage limit is  £20,000. Instead of having  £50,000 the credit policy will be placed at  £40,0 00 to match the amount provided in the policy. The scheme does not guarantee top-up to those suppliers or businesses that have insurance cover that is below the minimum credit limit of  £ 20,000 (balance zero)  [2]  . Consequently many SME and business have expressed disappointment in the way the scheme has been operated, saying that the scheme only guarantees insurance cover that reduced after 1st April 2009. Many critiques the scheme as being a failure, as the scheme does not address the needs of businesses whose credit insurance limits have already been withdrawn as opposed to reduced. In addition, some companies could not benefit from the scheme because their insurance cover was reduced before 1 April 2009. A news report indicated that only  £18 million out of the  £5 billion have been claimed from inception in 2009, Euler Hermes also reported that 2 out of 3 clients have submitted claims to the scheme (AccountancyAge, 2012)  [3]  . It is therefore assumed th at the negative reaction of businesses towards the scheme is as a result of the financial crisis which saw a reduction in wholesale transaction with little or no accesses to finance. However the scheme needs to widen further to address the pressing needs of even more companies were not able benefit from the cover from when the beginning of the stipulated period. 5.3 Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998 The center piece of the statutory interest is that small business can charge a compulsory interest on any late payment of commercial transaction. The legislation was created in 1997 by the Labor government, after the Department of Trade and Industry published a Green Paper, entitled Improving the Payment Culture: A Statutory Right to Claim Interest on Late Payment of Commercial Debt. The publication outlined the best way to implement such legislation enabled the government to provide legislation that was aimed to improve the payment culture amongst UK business (Group, 2002). In the Green Paper, the Government proposed to test for smallness on the two out of three criteria test stated in section 247 of the Companies Act. However, it became apparent that to take that test out of its context (i.e. Filing accounts in respect of a completed year by companies incorporated in the United Kingdom) and use it in another context would lead to difficulties of proof (Wilson, 2008). It was, ther efore, proposed that the legislation should define what a small business will be (with no more than 50 full-time employees). The legislation would apply to commercial contract across the UK including foreign transaction with the UK and foreign party. Where there is no significant connection between the contract and that part of the UK, and, but for the choice of law, the applicable law would be a foreign law. Where the choice of law is a foreign law, the Bill would apply if, but for that choice of law, the applicable law would have been a law of part of the UK and there was no significant connection between the contract and any country other than that part of the UK (Wilson, 2008). Consequently there were no minimum level set for which a claim for interest could not be made. The intention of the government was to increase formal contractual agreement credit period in accordance with trade custom and practice. The rate of interest has been prescribed at 8% which was above the bank of England official base rate of 5%. The act was broken down into three distinct phases. The main provisions of the bill are summarized in the table below  [4]  ; Main provisions of the Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998 PHASE 1 Statutory Interest on Late Payment will depend on the form of a contract term and the kind of debts the parties have right to claim over. Secretary of state has the power to determine the provisions of a contract and the interest rate charge on late payment that could be claimed (8% over the base rate) PHASE 2 This states the provisions made over late payment with the claims that will be made once a payment is deemed late. They also restrict the freedom of the contracting parties to make any other provisions that have the effect of varying the right to statutory interest. PHASE 3 This section deals with the payment of the contract price which is due before the supplier has fully performed his obligation under the c ontract. This bill also covers the factoring and debt collection services that the parties to assign the statutory rights on late payment to a third party. 5.3.1 Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Provision) Act 2002 An amendment was made to the late payment of commercial debt of 1998 on the 22nd June 2002 and was enforced on 7th August 2002. Under the rule, all business owners and manager are responsible for claiming reasonable interest on late payment on any transactions. This legislation came as a result of the UK obligation to fulfil the European Directive 2000/35/EC on combating late payment in commercial transaction (Group, 2002). Changes made to the provision to the Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998 are as follows; Under this provision, the power of the Secretary of State to determine the provisions of a contract was removed especially the power to define statutory interest on late payment. This removed the excessive power of the government to dictate how business is to be run in the country. The parties can agree a different rate of interest or an alternative remedy for late payment. In the case of interest, this is usually then termed as Contractual Interest. H owever, the Act requires that the agreement must provide for a substantial remedy to commercial debts. Purchasers are not allowed to force suppliers to accept a low or nominal rate of interest, as a way of getting round the Act. Any such clause is likely to be struck out, in which case interest can be claimed at the rate described. The right for an appropriate representative body to change grossly unfair contractual terms on behalf of SME. The high court may grant an injunction to restrain the use of contract if the contract is deemed void under the 1998 interest Act. This suggests that both legislations are provisions made to help lift the burden of late payment by enforcing prompt payment culture through their trade credit practice. Unfortunately, the reality is far from the expectations, as businesses and MPs like the Minster of Enterprise, Mark Prisk, have admitted that the legislation was an ineffective tool for combat late payment. In a transaction circumstance between a small supplier and large customer, the legislation is less effective when the power asymmetry is present in that transaction. In theory, a customer may have a bargaining advantage over the supplier in cases where the credit policies are properly laid out. In that instance, the small supplier may find it difficult to take legal action on large customer because it may have serious transaction cost to the small business (Paul and Boden, 2011, Summers and Wilson, 2000, Wilson and Summers, 2002). When it comes down to promoting business and building customer relationships, the small business is sometimes reluctant to speak out against the large customer because they fear of order cancelling reprisal. Furthermore, an issue with the interest rate of 8%+base that this was set with a view to compensating small businesses based on their average cost of capital. However the same rate also applies to large businesses and public liability companies; which generally have a much lower cost of cap ital. This is assumed that large businesses are more compensated and in fact have an incentive to enforce interest penalties. This is particularly the case if they are less fearful of losing business by applying penalties. Other likely users of the Acts are debt collection agents and factoring companies. Commercial debt collection agents can use the act to guarantee that interest is collected on the overdue debts of their clients along with some collection costs and can pass this benefit onto their clients in the form of lower commission rates. Insolvency practitioners can apply interest charges on the trade debts of insolvent companies and collect the interest going back up to 6 years on late payments. Finally, suppliers are advised to plan the period of collecting the payment using a combination of formal and informal practice of calling the customer before due date. 5.4 Project Merlin, UK (2011) This is an agreement between the present conservative government and the four major high street banks in the UK. The bank has agreed to make lending to SME under the program the bank will lend  £190bn to business during 2011 out of which  £ 76bn of the loan will be available to the small business (Treasury, 2011). The program will be monitored by the bank of England to check the influence of impact on business. The bank that was involved in the deal include; HSBC, Barclays, Royal Bank of Scotland, Lloyds Banking Group, Santander bank; which had agreed with the lend parts of the deal (Treasury, 2011). Although there were some positive results, various reports show that the lending program did not go that far enough. Bank of England Trends in Lending figure of 2011 showed that bank loans to small business was totalled to about 74.9 which is about  £1.1bn short of the proposed  £76bn in 2011. The assumption is that many SME ignored the use of bank finance and lending becaus e of the interest charged on bank loans. However, the number could also be interpreted to show those banks are actually committed to lending as they came close to their target. However the results show that banks failed to meet their lending targets for the smallest of UK businesses a particular cause for concern since these are the companies that usually exhibit the most growth and innovation and employ the biggest percentage of UK workers. The Federation of Small Businesses (FSB) survey 2011 did not reflect the banks claims that demand for bank loans have been reduced. The results of their June survey found just 20 percent of small firms had applied for a bank loan in the previous 12 months, and the December results showed that this figure was even lower at 19 percent (FSB, 2011). In June, 12 percent of those who did not apply for a loan said it was to avoid the unsuitable terms and conditions surrounding the process, a further 12 percent did not try because they believed their a pplication would be refused and 7 percent said previous negative experiences with bank loans put them off. Whilst this is merely a reflection of business owners perception of bank lending and not necessarily accurate, the statistics did show that of the companies that did apply for a loan, 33 percent was turned down and only 43 percent received the full amount they requested (FSB, 2011). The FSB surveys have also shown the consequences of businesses not getting enough financial support. Of the businesses whose loan requests were turned down (whether wholly or partially) only 16 percent avoided a negative business impact by securing finances elsewhere whereas 46 percent said they had to delay, scale down or abandon their investment plans, 40 percent said they had continued financial concerns, 31 percent missed a growth opportunity and 18 percent believed they were put at a competitive disadvantage (FSB, 2011). Long term effects were also evident, with 13 percent reporting they end ed up having to make staff redundant to survive without the extra support. The Bank of England report reveals that many SME are not satisfied with the lending condition of the bank set and is particularly frustrating when banks have exceeded their overall gross lending targets of  £190 billion by nearly  £25 billion increase. It can be deduced that a large part of the loan was used by medium to large firms, with enough cash flow have the ability to repay the loan. In terms of trade, the program shows to that more SME are refusing to take lending because to for the transaction cost compared to transaction in supplier credit. 5.5 National Loan Guarantee Scheme This is another initiative that was created by the government on the 20th March 2012. The scheme allowed the high street banks to provide up to loan of up to  £20 billion to small businesses and will be guaranteed by the government. . The scheme was designed to reduce borrowing costs for small and medium-sized companies (SMEs), and in doing so the interest rate charged on the guaranteed loan was one percentage point lower than those outside the initiative. For instance the business can receive a discount of  £10,000 for a  £1million loan from the bank. Banks apply for Government guarantees against the borrowing within a 2 year window for a fee. They can use the guarantee to raise funds at a lower cost. The fees received from banks will reduce borrowing and debt. If a bank were to default, the Government would have to meet obligations arising from the guaranteed debt, but as a general creditor would have some claim on the banks assets. Any losses resulting from the guarantee w ould increase borrowing and debt. The common characteristics of the National Loan Guarantee Scheme were seen on the participating banks are; Available to new and existing customers Loan amounts from  £25,001 to  £5million Terms from 1-25 years (discounted for the first 5 years) Interest only and repayment terms available Fixed or variable rate To ensure that the businesses benefited from the scheme, the HM Treasury had put in place strong scheme rules for participating banks in passing on the guaranteed loan. The bank will have to demonstrate that the rate charged on the loans covered by the scheme will be expected to be lower than rates charged on the loan not covered by the scheme. The scheme was unsuccessful as nearly  £3 billion out of the 20 billion was given to businesses. In an assessment of the scheme carried out by Syscap limited. They reported that the scheme has had no impact on small business lending. According to the analysis the interest r ate on the loan was the same with the normal interest rate charged by the bank. Syscap indicated that the scheme did not assist small business at the bank provides loans to a few businesses based on the collateral that the business possess (Syscap, 2012). It is assumed that the bank were only lending to business that can afford to provide high security for an average loan and small businesses are considered not to have high collateral to back up their loans. The interest rate on the business loan under  £1 million fell only by a 0.08% difference than the 1% difference. In other words, the average rate on loans below  £ 1 million still remained at 3.8% even in the month the scheme was launched in March 2012 (Syscap, 2012). Difficult economic conditions in the UK and Euro zone have also led banks to dramatically tighten lending criteria as borrowing costs increase (Dun Bradstreet, 2010). Banks have had to protect themselves and as a result lending has been restricted in many inst ances to established and well-run businesses. It is therefore suggested that the government should consider giving guarantees for alternative sources of finance like asset finance. 5.6 Better Payment Practice Group (BPPG) The Better Payment Practice Group (BPPG) was formed in 1997 as a partnership between the public and private sectors. The original Payment Practice Group included: British Bankers Association, Association of British Insurers, British Chambers of Commerce, CBI, SME Council, Factors and Discounters Association, Federation of Small Businesses, Forum of Private Business, Institute of Credit Management, Institute of Directors, National Farmers Union, The Union of Independent Companies, Department of Trade and Industry and CMRC (Wilson, 2008). Its aim was to improve the payment culture of the UK business community and reduce the incidence of late payment of commercial debt  [5]  . Their research on late payment was incorporated into a guide to effective credit management Better Payment Practice: a guide to credit management published by the Department of Trade and Investment on behalf of the Better Payment Practice Group. It provided straightforward guidance and advice on how to g et paid on time (Wilson, 2008). The Better Payment Practice Group was a consortium of small business support and representative organizations, Government and other interested bodies. It formed an integral part of the Governments commitment to work in partnership with the business community to bring about a better payment culture in the UK. 5.7 Prompt payment Code UK It is a joint initiative that involves the public authority and the specialized organization like the institute of credit management and the department of the business , innovation and skills seeking to identify business that are prompt payers (ICM, 2008). Prompt payment Code is about promoting best payment practice between organizations and their suppliers. Mark Prisk, MP, Minister of State for Business and Enterprise, has stressed the impact of paying on time to smaller businesses within the supply chain (ICM, 2008). He also stated that what is important in payment practice is not only the speed at which payment is made but the certainty of getting paid that is important. This initiative encourages businesses to adopt the payment code by signing up to the code, committing them to paying supplier on time and to provide clear guidance on payment procedures. The code had been endorsed by several high street banks and professional organizations. The provisions of the Prompt Paymen t Code stipulated the that signatories must pledge to the following  [6]  ; To always pay their supplier within the agreed credit term. The customer must ensure not to change payment terms within giving reasons to the supplier promptly. The code also stipulates to their signatures to make payment procedures clear to the supplier, ensuring that disputes and complains about the payments are dealt with before goods are delivered. The customer must also ensure to contact the supplier on time in case payment cannot be made on time. Our normal payment terms for an approved invoice are 30 days from invoice date. Exceptions to this may arise where there is disagreement over the invoice or it is received with insufficient time for processing. In the exception cases payment is made as soon as possible after agreement or receipt of the invoice as relevant. 5.8 EU Directive on Late Payment (2002) This directive enforced on 8th August 2002 for official member of the European Union. The directive was designed to bring member state (which were 18 member states) into line with all payments made as remuneration for commercial transactions. The Directive was designed to remedy this situation and to ensure that the sellers of goods and the providers of services would have a number of instruments at their disposal which permit them to obtain payment on time. Due to the close link with the free circulation of goods and services, the Directive is based on Article 95 (ex-100a) of the EC Treaty (Europa, 2000). The EU legislation does not apply to contracts made before 7 August 2002, claims for interest of less than ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬5 ( £3.95)  [7]  , transactions with consumers or debts that are subject to other laws, e.g. Insolvency proceedings (Wilson, 2008). Only if the payment period and interest rate on late payment have not been fixed in the contract, the statutory interest automatically becomes payable within 30 days after the goods have been received by the customer. The legislation provides the statutory rate of interest on late payment when payment is not made within the contract period, but also allows parties to agree to their own terms as well.  [8]  . The general principles of this directive are; The directive only reacts to transaction between private business and top public sector business. The directive stipulates that 30 days as the credit term after which interest will be charged, unless another payment period has been agreed upon by the parties. The interest rate was set the same as the rate for European Central Bank of its main refinancing operations. 5.8.1 EU Directive on Late Payment (2011) The directive 2011/7/EU on combating late payment in commercial transaction was published on 23rd February 2011 and came into force on 15th March 2011 (Europa, 2011). This new directive attempts to modernized the previous directive (2000/35/EU)  [9]  . Changes made to the provisions are summarized below; Commercial transaction between commercial parties The new provision states that the standard deadline for a payment period of commercial transaction between businesses should be a 30 day period, if the payment period is not set out in the contract. If a payment period is not set out in the contract the debtor must make payment within 30 calendar days as the latest alters: Receiving the creditors invoice; Receiving the goods or services; and Completion of acceptance procedures which commence on the date of receipt of those goods or services. Such procedures shall not last more than 30 calendar days but this period can be varied by express Any payment period that exceeds more than the stipulated period will be considered grossly unfair. This same principle stated above can also be applied to transactions between businesses with a 60 day payment period. Any payment period that exceeds more than stipulated period will be considered grossly unfair. Commercial transaction between commercial entity and public authorities The new directive can also be applied to transaction between private or public business and public authorities or central government. This is likely due to the general scope of the European Union, which is characterized by 27 member states transacting with each other. The payment period is put at 30 days on contract on the debtor public authority unless payment period is not stated in the contract within 60 days or in very exceptional circumstances. Interest Public authorities are not allowed to fix any interest for late payment. The relevant interest rate applicable will be increased to 8% above the European central bank reference rate. In retrospect, a creditor may charge interest on the amount due directly from the first day after the term of payment has expired. The debtor no longer needs to be in default, which means that he need not be reminded of his payment obligation, for example by sending him a reminder. Claims/ recovery cost All creditors to a contract are entitled to a 40 Euros ( £ 31.5p) minimum cost by the debtor. This sum is payable without the need for a reminder and as compensation for the creditor own recovery costs. Unfair contractual terms The provision specifies several clauses that will determine whether a contract possesses grossly unfair terms. A contract can be considered unfair when; There is a change from good commercial practice, and fair dealing; The nature of the product or service; and The debtor had any reason to deviate from paying the statutory rate of interest for late payment. If the statutory rate of interest is excluded in the contract term. Conclusion Despite the fact that various existing studies have pointed out the shortcoming on the government policy, one cannot dispute the positive impact of legalization have on business activities in certain power, with relative satisfaction from individual business (Project Merlin, 2011 and Prompt Payment Code). In particular the government needs to promote the culture of lending to small business at favorable rates and open up alternative routes apart from bank lending. The FSB survey 2012 shows that, 22% of small businesses use own saving and 20% use retained earnings as a major finance source apart from the bank overdraft (FSB, 2012). In addition the government ensures to promote the guarantee schemes for alternative sources of finances for businesses like trade credit and asset financing. Many of business and industry participant are advocating for more attention by government personnel into many business practices. Ultimately, businesses cannot expect that every policy or action t aken by the government will completely eradicate late payment. This is because government their policy based are supported by various statistics and research papers. Moreover trade credit relationship is heterogeneous in nature, there cannot be single solutions to trade credit issues because business are different. There are general obligation expectations that are expected of the next government in tackling late payment. Since the previous governments have tried at one time or the others have failed to meet the general expectation of businesses and SME and the general public. Policies should also help to monitor the administrative practices of small businesses, whereby various regulations are to set the standard for the micro and small businesses trading practices.

Human And Animals By Lewis Carroll 1865 - 960 Words

Have you ever tried to know how people or even the animals thinking. Both, human and animals can be very talents have a different way of thinking.† Alice in Wonderland† the novel was written by Lewis Carroll 1865 presented to his readers set of themes. In his fancy novel. His desire is to help the children to know how they are doing in their community and how to keep a relationship .He presented the exciting moment of Alice adventures that includes meeting with intelligent animals who can talk and discuss things and how Alice respects strangers animals. Alice Advenure themes are Intelligent, behavior and adventures. In a magical world you can find many magical and strangers things such as intelligent animals. It is indeed a wonderful thing to see and hear an animal thinking and posing ideas or explaining a particular topic to solve such problems or issues. Intelligent mean best thought to understand knowledge, emotions,memories,plans, creativity and problems solving.Being in a wonderland in one such Alice is in, you can see animals Intelligent. For instance, the mouse is smart because he can speak English. It argus with Alice about cats and dogs. He says â€Å"Would you like cats if you were me?(page 19 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ I’ll tell you my history and you will understand why it is hate cats and dogs†.(19). This attempt from himto examine Alice fellings.Inddition, he talks a bout polatic topics when he says â€Å"William con querer whose cause was favoured by the pope†. (page33). Also,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Alice s Adventures 1293 Words   |  6 Page sAlice’s Adventures in Wonderland is a novel by Charles Dodgson, better known under the pseudonym of Lewis Carroll to his readers. Published in 1865, the novel centers around a young girl’s lively adventures in a fantastical dream world. 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It#8217;s a fact that these works were written for children but they had this thing, some kind of new idea, concept thatRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pagesby child or adolescent authors, such as Daisy Ashfords The Young Visiters(1919) or Anne Franks Het Achterhuis (1947; The Diary of a Young Girl, 1952), are exceptions to the rule. Many famous childrens authors, such as Louisa May Alcott and Lewis Carroll, produced family magazines as children, and bits of their juvenilia were reworked into published childrens books. More often, childrens books result from the collaboration or direct inspiration of a specific child or group of children with anRead MoreMark Twain3000 Words   |  12 Pagesliterature. I picked this topic because I find Twain’s personality very interesting. He is best known as the author of the Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn but not everyone knows his whole life story. 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What Caused the Dust Bowl free essay sample

The early 1900s were a time of turmoil for farmers in the United States, especially in the Great Plains region. After the end of World War I, overproduction by farmers resulted in low prices for crops. When farmers first came to the Midwest, they farmed as much wheat as they could because of the high prices and demand. Of the ninety-seven acres, almost thirty-two million acres were being cultivated. The farmers were careless in their planting of the crop, caring only about profit, and they started plowing grasslands that were not made for planting. Because of their constant plowing year after year and the lack of rainfall, the soil was quickly losing its fertility. With unfertile, dry land, the wheat crop started dying, and then blowing away with wind. Due to the improper farming, along with a long drought, dust storms made life in the Dust Bowl very burdensome. During the 1930s, the Great Plains was plagued with a drought, a long period of dryness, which brought demise to many of the farmers in the region. We will write a custom essay sample on What Caused the Dust Bowl? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This horrible drought started in 1930, a year that saw heavy rains in a very short time, which cause flooding in many areas of the Oklahoma Panhandle. The year continued to with horrible blizzards in the winter and a drought into the late summer. Many of the farms in the Great Plains, losing most of the crop, were greatly affected by the first droughts of the 1930s. The months of July and August saw about a forty-percent decrease of precipitation compared to previous years. From 1934 to 1936, A record drought hit the southwestern region. In 1934 the temperature was excruciatingly hot, causing many to die as a result of the heat. 1935 was a year where rainfall was very, very scarce. The heat began to rise at fast rates in the summer of 1936, with many days reaching above 120 degrees. The drought, along with the dust storms, were major reasons for poor farming in the Great Plains during the early to mid-1930s. Because of the drought, the ground became very dry in the Great Plains. This area, known as the Dust Bowl, was a region of horrible dust storms during most of the 1930s. The storms accompanied the drought and intensified the problems of the farmers. With the drought, many fields were not in a situation to grow crops. Since the fields were so dry, the topsoil would easily blow away with the passing  wind. In 1932 many fields were starting to be brutally damaged by the dust. The Oklahoma Panhandle was hit for twenty-two straight days of dust storms, which created drifts everywhere. This flying dirt killed off much of the crops. In a one-year span 139 days were considered to have had dust storms. Even though the dirt storms were less common in 1934, it was the year in which national attention was gained for the region because of the extreme heat. Also in 1934, approximately 350 million tons of soil was lost in just one storm. The following year was a time of large, powerful dust storms. During the month of May in 1935, a storm known as Black Sunday created winds up to sixty miles per hour and left many farms ruined. The storms were normality by 1935, and extreme weather was a common characteristic. The number of storms began to rise again in 1936, and the temperatures became scorching. But by the end of 1936, rain started to fall once again; however, the droughts soon returned and forced many farmers to leave their fields and to move west. By 1938 there was mixture of snow and dirt that reached blizzard like sizes, which were call snusters. These storms caused a great amount of destruction to the farms and sorrow to the farmers. With farms in horrible conditions, farmers in the Dust Bowl found farming a very difficult task. President Roosevelt and his New Deal tried to ease the pains of the farmers. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) was formed to help out the farmers in their time of need. It paid farmers not to farm parts of their land to get prices back up. The Supreme Court ruled the AAA unconstitutional in 1936. Congress responded by passing the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936, which paid farmers to plant soil-conserving crops such as soybeans, or they could leave their land fallow. The AAA helped to lift the burden put on many farmers during the dirty 1930s, but the almost every farmer suffered greatly due to the drought, their farming, and dust storms.

Larger than Me free essay sample

I knew what I had to do but my judgment was over powered by my heart thrashing through my body. Draped in grief black as night I prepared my solemn language of music to help soothe the mourners in their sorrow. I had not been to a funeral since my father’s four years ago, and now I was preparing to play my violin to honor my grandfather at his own. When my mother approached me with this particular task I was quite hesitant. I was not comfortable performing in the open summer breeze of Rosecrans Cemetery, in fact I was not comfortable performing anywhere by myself. My niche was cloaked behind hundreds of other musical instruments within a Symphony Orchestra, not alone with the heat of the spotlight bearing down on me. The thought of standing detached from the rest of the grievers with my violin staring into their tear stained faces frightened me. We will write a custom essay sample on Larger than Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What if I played the wrong note? What if I choked? I pondered the possibilities but one look into my mother’s pleading eyes changed all of my perceptions. This performance was not about me and my potential mistakes and embarrassment. I had to play not only in remembrance of my grandfather, but also for my mother. She held my hand and picked up my petrified body when I learned of my father’s unexpected death. She captured the tears from my broken heart and was my warmth when I saw my father’s ashes buried underneath in the snow. When I blamed myself for my father’s death, my mother was there to comfort and reassure me of my innocence. It was she who helped me through all of my darkest hours and now it was my turn to help her with the loss of her father. The morning of August 8th 2010, I gathered my courage and performed my musical appreciation in honor of my mother, father and the thousands of fallen soldiers like my grandfather, for without any of them, I would not be the person I am today.

Gordon Goodwins Big Phat Band essays

Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band essays Gordon Goodwin and Count Basie are two jazz artists who incorporated a lot of variety into their musical sound and ultimately played more than one genre of music. They played classic jazz, latin jazz,and blues, to list a few. Goodwin is known worldwide as a great composer, pianist, arranger, and saxophonist. He is mainly known for his preference of quick rock beat music. He also typically included other famous musicians in his albums, such as: saxophonists Dave Koz and Gerald Albright, bassist Marcus Miller, and the vocal group Take 5. Thats How We Roll is Goodwins sixth album., and the first song shares this title. The title was intended to literally show people what his band is all about. Thats How We Roll is a seven minutes and seven seconds-long song, featuring extremely high trumpet parts and a long saxophone solo by Gordon Goodwin himself. The saxophone solo starts out very simple and eventually evolves into very complicated rhythms, and he builds up to an very high note held out for a few seconds with heavy vibrato. Howdiz Songo? is the second song. It has kind of a Latin jazz feel to it. It features a strong exotic trumpet solo about halfway through using growls and half valve scoops, soloing tricks used by professionals to add color to the music. Rippin n Runnin is their third song. It starts with a very idiosyncratic piano part and eventually leads into a saxophone solo with trumpets in the background. Hunting Wabbits 3 is one of their different songs on the album. It sounds like it never really arrives at a resolution. It just keeps going with the melody passed around sections. It actually sounds perfect to be in a "Loony Toons" episode with Elmer Fudd chasing Bugs Bunny, and as its title denotes, this is its purpose. About half way through the song, it switches to a strong swing feel. The piano starts the chang...

Xolair Literature Review Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Xolair Literature Review - Dissertation Example The intensity, chemical properties, action mechanisms, and associated with omalizumab are all pre-generalized; however, they are controlled at the time of its manufacturing when done under the label of Xolair, and involve few specific dimensions to be identified. Further, understanding its production procedure in the raw-to-commercial forms contributes greatly towards building a theoretical relationship between its positive and negative impacts (â€Å"Xolair Fact Sheet†, 2011). Therefore, this review initiates by opening a succinct discussion regarding its origins and chemical features, which is followed by a detailed description of its production, purification, and commercialization phases. After this, some pros and cons associated with the drug are discussed, along with some secondary clinical trials that shed light on its efficacy in different age groups and dosage formulations. In the final sections of this review, a brief list of general precautions and pre-defined pharma cokinetic properties are also added to not to leave some important aspects untouched. Therefore, the reader of this review is suggested to make a close reading in order to explore relationship between different dimensions of Xolair. ... es a bond with receptors of patient’s cellular membrane and as a reaction produce inflammatory mediators from within (â€Å"Scientific Discussion-Zolair†, n.d.). In this type of reaction, an anti-lgE is supposed to restrict the creation of bond between lgE and cell membrane receptors, in order to reduce the release of inflammatory mediators (Miller et al., 2008). It happened in 1987 at Houston, Texas, that scientists of a local pharmaceutical firm (Tenox) carefully studied the phenomenon of asthma prevalence, and came up with a laboratory prototype of an anti-lgE, which until the year 1991 was unable to get international exposure. However, in the late 1990’s, controlled clinical trials were conducted over patients with mild and severe paediatric and allergic rhinitis by the collaboration of different international pharmaceutical firms, and from the year 1996, omalizumab was made available publicly under the trade name of Xolair by different pharmaceutical firms a s one of the most effective allergic asthma treatment drug, referred commonly as anti-lgE. However, despite several clinical trials and experiments over the commercial product of Xolair (and its composing omalizumab), there are still researches and developments which are being conducted in order to verify all the observable effects in different cases of asthma (â€Å"Tanox, Inc. – 2010 Company Profile†, 2010). 3. Drug Description: Xolair (or omalizumab) can be terminologically described as a monoclonal anti-body derived from recombinant chromosome (based over lG1k) which impasses particularly to mammal immunoglobulin E (or lgE). Further, its pharmacodynamics reveals that it constrains the association of lgE with cellular membrane receptors (specifically FC3Rl) over the surface of mast cells and basophils

The China Threat and US Security Research Paper

The China Threat and US Security - Research Paper Example The China threat to the United States has emerged as a result of the United States military support and cooperation to Taiwan and Japan. This sends a message of a stronger military coalition in the region that pose a threat to China, therefore giving room for the development and deployment of a stronger force by the communist republic of China combined with provocative and warning sentiments on the issue (Gertz, 2002, p.8) The China Threat to US security is evolved from the actions of the United States further to the initial 1999 attack of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade and another military build-up along the Chinese border in cooperation with Japan (Gertz, 2002, p.1). The China Threat to US Security is substantial due to the various public statements and report in China that openly oppose the mono-polarity and hegemony of the US in terms of military and economy. Hence China has declared a limited war in the case of a military invasion from the US to support Taiwan (Gertz, 2002, p.9). China has called for its people to follow the thought of Deng Xiaoping and Mao Zedong while moving forward to achieve the goals of China. The Chinese government requires its people to follow the values of social modernization and socialist reform to open up new horizons of prosperity and development. The Chinese leadership appeals to its people to work towards economic globalization and political multi-polarity at the turn of the century. The word multi-polarity is intended to overcome the mono-polarity of the United States and its position as a superpower of the world. The unfriendliness of China towards the US is further clear from the various reports and statements published in the Chinese media (Gertz 2002 p.10).

Token Economies Essay Example for Free

Token Economies Essay A token economy is a behaviour modification program based on operant conditioning principles. Token economies are sometimes successfully used in institutional settings, such as schools and psychiatric hospitals. People receive tokens for desirable behaviours such as getting out of bed, washing and cooperating. These tokens can be exchanged for rewards such as going for leave on hospital grounds, TV-watching time or exchange in the hospital shop for cigarettes or snacks. In a study carried out by Burchard and Barrera (1972) using a token economy system designed for the rehabilitation of mildly mentally ill young boys who displayed a high frequency of anti-social behaviour. Tokens were mostly earned through achievement in the workshop and were exchanged for a variety of rewards, such as meals, recreational trips, clothes or purchases. A time-out procedure was also adopted where boys had to sit on a bench behind a partition, hence having time out from being able to receive reinforcers; also a response cost procedure was employed during which reinforcers were removed, thus tokens were removed. Time out and deprivation of tokens occurred following swearing, personal assault, property damage or other undesirable behaviour, it was found that these things repressed the boys bad behaviour, but in some boys one technique might be more effective than another. Behaviour modification is being applied to a whole variety of what are traditionally considered disturbed behaviours with good results. The main practical difficulties are being able to find suitable reinforcers and to apply the techniques constantly. Some critics have suggested that behaviour modification may succeed in changing behaviours but not the processes that underlie them, and also that it could be used to teach that behaviour which best fits the demands of the institution rather than that which is in the individuals best interest. Using a Token economy system within an institution presents many difficulties, as staff have to ensure that reinforcement and removal of tokens must be consistent and done constantly. All staff, be it day or night have to be fully involved, they also have to carry out their roles fully for such a programme to work. It only requires one staff member to fail at their task for the effectiveness of the programme to fail. Organising and carrying out such a scheme requires time and effective planning, it is an expensive and time consuming way to change behaviour, if some staff are not committed to the programme then it is likely fail. There is also no attempt to address the cause behind why the children are trouble makers, and what might be a more dignified way of helping them. Who decides what is or is not acceptable behaviour, the staff within the institution not the individual children themselves. Such a scheme could be open to unlimited abuse. It is no coincidence that in some closed environments of hospitals and homes some staff members have been caught physically and mentally abusing defenceless people, a perfect example is that of Winterbourne hospital run by the Castlebeck group which featured on BBC’s Panorama programme 31 May 2011 (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20070437) a reporter went undercover and filmed shocking abuse carried out on the residents of the home. Following the investigation a number of staff have been charged and arrested for the abuse of vulnerable clients whilst in their care. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: A fairly new therapy is Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), developed by Francine Shapiro in 1987, is a method that some therapists use to treat problems such as post traumatic stress disorder, panic attacks and more recently phobia’s. This treatment is a type of exposure therapy in which clients move their eyes back and forth while recalling memories that are to be desensitized. Many critics of EMDR claim that the treatment is no different from a standard exposure treatment and that the eye movements do not add to the effectiveness of the procedure. The treatment is fairly complex and includes elements from several different schools of therapy. The most unusual part of the treatment involves the therapist waving his or her fingers back and forth in front of the clients eyes, and the client tracking the movements while focusing on a traumatic event. The act of tracking while concentrating seems to allow a different level of processing to occur. The client is often able to review the event more calmly or more completely than before. Strengths of the Behaviour Approach: The major strength of the behavioural approach is that some disorders especially phobias do seem to be a result of ‘faulty learning’. The behavioural approach is better than the biological approach at explaining some disorders such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, which is an anxiety disorder that occurs in response to an extreme psychological or physical experience. At least some sufferers show anxiety reactions to stimuli which were present at the time of the trauma. A main strength of the behaviourist perspective has been the development of useful applications. One strength of the behaviourist approach is that it has successfully applied classical and operant conditioning to its theories. Systematic desensitisation is based on classical conditioning and is useful for treating phobias. Another strength of the behaviourist approach is that it uses scientific methods of research, which are objective, measurable and observable, such as Banduras bobo doll study of aggression. The behavioural approach offers very practical ways of changing behaviour from for example therapies through to advertising. However at the same time this does raise an ethical issue as if the behaviourist perspective is able to control behaviour who decides which behaviour should be controlled or changed. Weaknesses of the Behaviour Approach: The behaviourist approach to understanding abnormality is very reductionist as it reduces explanations for behaviour to simple reward and punishment. While some behaviour’s such as the acquisition of phobias, may be explained this way, there are many abnormal behaviours that seem to be passed on genetically, for example alcoholism, autism and schizophrenia and so it is difficult to explain them solely in terms of classical or operant conditioning. Similarly there are many disorders, for example depression, that seem to feature abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and so a biological explanation may be more sensible than a simple behaviourist one. Behaviourism can explain the role of the media in the acquisition of certain abnormal behaviours. Anorexia has long been linked with the perfect body image as portrayed in the media. People may learn to be anorexic through social learning by observing models and actresses, reading about the diets they are on, and copying the behaviour they see. The majority of research into classical and operant conditioning has been conducted on animals. Aside from the possible ethical implications of animal research, there is also the issue of generalising findings from one species and applying them to another. Assumptions have to be made that at least some human physiology and psychology is the same as animal physiology and psychology, but clearly humans are different to animals. The behaviourist approach is extremely determinist because it states that a behaviour that has been reinforced will be carried out, and one that has been punished will not be carried out. However, humans clearly have a degree of free will and are able to decide when to carry out some behaviours and when to resist them. Cognitive theories of behaviour try to account for free will and decision making, and so it may be better to combine behaviourist and cognitive approaches when trying to explain abnormal behaviour. A further problem with the behavioural perspective is that many of the practical uses of the approach such as aversion therapy and token economy systems when used as a way of changing behaviour do tend to be short lived. That is, they do change behaviour but often only for a limited time. The behaviourist model also struggles to explain why we acquire phobias for some objects or events quicker than others. In a modern world, fast cars, wintery conditions and using a mobile whilst crossing the road are far more threatening than spiders and snakes but we don’t develop car phobia. The Biological Model: The biological model aims to explain all behaviour and experience in terms of physical bodily processes. For example, when you feel stressed this usually involves a sensation of your heart pounding, your palms being sweaty and so on. These are physical symptoms created by activation of the nervous system. Your experience of stress is caused by the biological processes involved. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord, containing about 12 billion nerve cells or neurons. It explains behaviour in terms of the following assumptions: 1. Different areas of the brain are specialised for certain functions, the cerebral cortex covers the surface of the brain and is responsible for higher cognitive functions. The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes with the most important being the frontal cortex or lobe, responsible for à ¯Ã‚ ¬ne motor movement and thinking. Other lobes include the occipital lobe, which is associated with vision. Underneath the cortex there are various sub cortical structures such as the hypothalamus which integrates the autonomic nervous system and plays a part in stress and emotion. 2. Neurons are electrically excitable cells that form the basis of the nervous system. The à ¯Ã‚ ¬exibility of the nervous system is enhanced by having many branches at the end of each neuron called dendrites, so that each neuron connects with many others. One neuron communicates with another neuron at a synapse, where the message is relayed by chemical messengers or neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic vesicles in one neuron, and will either stimulate or inhibit receptors in the other neuron. The synaptic cleft or gap is about 20 nanometres wide. Some common neurotransmitters are dopamine which is associated with rewards and also schizophrenia, serotonin associated with sleep and arousal, adrenaline associated arousal and gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) which decreases anxiety. 3. Hormones are biochemical substances that are produced in one part of the body (endocrine glands such as the pituitary and adrenal glands) and circulate in the blood, having an effect on target organ(s). They are produced in large quantities but disappear very quickly. Their effects are slow in comparison with the nervous system, but very powerful. Examples of hormones include testosterone (a male hormone) and oestrogen (female hormone). Some hormones such as adrenaline are also neurotransmitters. The biological approach has become the most widely used form of treating mental illness since the 1960’s. The biological model takes the same approach as it does for physical ailments, and assumes that psychological problems have a physical cause such as genetics where the patient may have inherited the illness from his parents or run in the family, possibly through a rouge or bad gene. The model takes the approach as with other illnesses that physical intervention will be required be it chemotherapy (drug therapy), ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) and previously surgery to treat psychological issues. Although the biological model focuses on internal, biological processes, it does not ignore the possibility that the environment can have a role to play in abnormality. Biological Therapies: Biomedical therapies include chemotherapy (drug therapy), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and psychosurgery.  Chemotherapy (drug treatment):  The most widely used form of treatment available under biological therapies is chemotherapy (drugs) with almost 25% of NHS prescriptions being for drugs to treat mental disorders in the United Kingdom. It aims to treat psychological disorders with medications and is usually combined with other kinds of psychotherapy. The main categories of drugs used to treat psychological disorders are antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, and antipsychotics.

Essay on Freedom and Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost

Freedom and Satan in Paradise Lost  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Satan's primary operational problem in Paradise Lost is his lack of obedience. The fundamental misunderstanding which leads to Satan's disobedience is his separation of free will from God's hierarchical power. In the angel Raphael's account, Satan tells his dominions, "Orders and Degrees/Jarr not with liberty" (5.792-93). Tempting as this differentiation seems, Satan is mistaken. Free will and hierarchical power are not mutually exclusive, as Satan suggests, but overlapping concepts. Even though Satan has been created with sufficient freedom to choose to disobey, he tacitly acknowledges God's sovereignty when he exercises his choice. Satan is constrained existentially, from the outset, by having a specific choice to make about whether or not to obey God. Satan, just as all angels, demons, and humans, may exercise his freedom as assent or dissent, for God had created him "Sufficient to have stood, though free to fall./Such I [God] created all th' ethereal powers/And spirits . . . /Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell" (3.99-102; cf. 5.549). If Satan would choose neither to assent nor to dissent, thereby refusing to exercise his free will, he would be discarding his free will. But this is impossible, as the demons determine in counsel in Book II; so long as he exists, Satan must make choices with respect to his possible obedience to God. If Satan's first mistake was to completely divorce his free will from God's power in giving him that freedom, his second mistake occurs in his conception of what it means to exercise that freedom. God says that "Not free, what proof could they [Satan et al.] have given sincere/Of true allegiance"? (3.103-04). But Satan has exactly the... ...lthough one can choose, as Satan does, to dissent and disobey, such purportedly self-creative acts are in fact merely an acknowledgment of God's hierarchical power. When pride and ambition to be like God prevent humans from hearing the "umpire Conscience" God has placed within us (3.195; Satan likewise has been given conscience enough to remember the call to obedience, 4.23), we become like Satan, for the same reasons constrained to listen only to the Satanic voice dissenting in our ears. Works Cited Scott Elledge, ed., Paradise Lost, second edn. (NY: Norton, 1993). Millicent Bell, "The Fallacy of the Fall in Paradise Lost," PMLA 68 (1953), 863-83; here p. 878. Northrop Frye, The Return of Eden (Buffalo: Univ. of Toronto, 1965), 39-40, 43 Barbara Lewalski, Paradise Lost and the Rhetoric of Literary Forms (Princeton: Princeton U. , 1985), 174.   

P3 U2 Essay

P3: Describe the potential effects of discriminatory practice on those who use health or social care services. Discrimination has the potential to affect individuals in wide-ranging ways. In health and social care, the effects of discrimination can be catastrophic and even end in the death of a service user. Anyone planning a career in health and social care should be aware of the potential negative effects caused by discrimination. We will explore them here. Marginalisation As you might expect, marginalisation means being pushed to the margins of society. In other words, you are unable to participate fully in the health and social care services that are available. Marginalisation can occur at both micro and macro levels. Governments have been accused of marginalising groups of the population in terms of their health and social care needs. Disempowerment People who are discriminated against (especially by powerful groups in society such as health care professionals) are often totally disempowered. This means they are not able to take action Individuals can be disempowered through another form of discrimination – ‘the health worker knows best’ syndrome. Low self-esteem and self-identity If we have high self-esteem and self-worth, it means that we appreciate our own worth and value ourselves highly. Conversely then, having low self-esteem means that we feel helpless and powerless to cope and can even feel depressed. People who are discriminated against are in real danger of developing low self-esteem, which can lead to them being unable to cope with life’s challenges and changes. This is particularly important for those individuals who have to cope with illness or changes in their social condition. If they are to cope well, they need to believe in themselves and their ability to manage, whatever situation they are in. Health care workers need to pay attention to an individual’s self-esteem and constantly work at improving this – this is a good method for helping individuals to cope positively with their situation. Restricted opportunities Discrimination, as we have already seen, has the potential to prevent access to health and social care services. This could be through the attitudes and beliefs of the health care workers who fail to value all individuals or it could be through the effects of low self-esteem. Negative behaviours  including aggression and criminality Another effect of discrimination can be seen in the behaviour of individuals. This is particularly noticeable in children, who often display negative behaviours in order to gain a ttention, even when that attention is negative! Adults and young people as a result of discrimination and low self-esteem can also display negative behavioural traits. However, in these cases the behaviour can take on a much more ‘sinister’ appearance. It may manifest itself as aggression towards those holding power (including health care professionals or those working in the employment and judicial services) and through criminal activity such as drug taking, burglary and physical violence. Loss of rights There have been cases in the national media of care homes, secure or forensic units (places of security for people with dangerous psychiatric behaviours) and individual carers being accused of systematically discriminating against the people in their care and overriding their individual rights by the use of power or force. Older, vulnerable people in residential or nursing care homes are at particular risk of abusive situations because of the high power base of those caring for them. There are occasions when statutory powers are used legitimately to override individual rights. In these cases, doctors and judges can take decisions together to place people in places of safety for their ‘own good’. Another example of the use of statutory powers in operation is when social workers need to work with others such as the police or medical service to take children from unsafe homes and place them in centres of safety. Bibliography Books Stretch, Beryl (Editor); Whitehouse, Mary (Editor). BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 1. Harlow, Essex, GBR: Pearson Education Limited, 2007. p 80. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/croydon/Doc?id=10299110&ppg=89 Copyright  © 2007. Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved. 25/07/13 15:25 Stretch, Beryl (Editor); Whitehouse, Mary (Editor). BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 1. Harlow, Essex, GBR: Pearson Education Limited, 2007. p 81. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/croydon/Doc?id=10299110&ppg=90 Copyright  © 2007. Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved. 15:26 Stretch, Beryl (Editor); Whitehouse, Mary (Editor). BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 1. Harlow, Essex, GBR: Pearson Education Limited, 2007. p 82. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/croydon/Doc?id=10299110&ppg=91 Copyright  © 2007. Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.15:36

P3 U2 Essay

P3: Describe the potential effects of discriminatory practice on those who use health or social care services. Discrimination has the potential to affect individuals in wide-ranging ways. In health and social care, the effects of discrimination can be catastrophic and even end in the death of a service user. Anyone planning a career in health and social care should be aware of the potential negative effects caused by discrimination. We will explore them here. Marginalisation As you might expect, marginalisation means being pushed to the margins of society. In other words, you are unable to participate fully in the health and social care services that are available. Marginalisation can occur at both micro and macro levels. Governments have been accused of marginalising groups of the population in terms of their health and social care needs. Disempowerment People who are discriminated against (especially by powerful groups in society such as health care professionals) are often totally disempowered. This means they are not able to take action Individuals can be disempowered through another form of discrimination – ‘the health worker knows best’ syndrome. Low self-esteem and self-identity If we have high self-esteem and self-worth, it means that we appreciate our own worth and value ourselves highly. Conversely then, having low self-esteem means that we feel helpless and powerless to cope and can even feel depressed. People who are discriminated against are in real danger of developing low self-esteem, which can lead to them being unable to cope with life’s challenges and changes. This is particularly important for those individuals who have to cope with illness or changes in their social condition. If they are to cope well, they need to believe in themselves and their ability to manage, whatever situation they are in. Health care workers need to pay attention to an individual’s self-esteem and constantly work at improving this – this is a good method for helping individuals to cope positively with their situation. Restricted opportunities Discrimination, as we have already seen, has the potential to prevent access to health and social care services. This could be through the attitudes and beliefs of the health care workers who fail to value all individuals or it could be through the effects of low self-esteem. Negative behaviours  including aggression and criminality Another effect of discrimination can be seen in the behaviour of individuals. This is particularly noticeable in children, who often display negative behaviours in order to gain a ttention, even when that attention is negative! Adults and young people as a result of discrimination and low self-esteem can also display negative behavioural traits. However, in these cases the behaviour can take on a much more ‘sinister’ appearance. It may manifest itself as aggression towards those holding power (including health care professionals or those working in the employment and judicial services) and through criminal activity such as drug taking, burglary and physical violence. Loss of rights There have been cases in the national media of care homes, secure or forensic units (places of security for people with dangerous psychiatric behaviours) and individual carers being accused of systematically discriminating against the people in their care and overriding their individual rights by the use of power or force. Older, vulnerable people in residential or nursing care homes are at particular risk of abusive situations because of the high power base of those caring for them. There are occasions when statutory powers are used legitimately to override individual rights. In these cases, doctors and judges can take decisions together to place people in places of safety for their ‘own good’. Another example of the use of statutory powers in operation is when social workers need to work with others such as the police or medical service to take children from unsafe homes and place them in centres of safety. Bibliography Books Stretch, Beryl (Editor); Whitehouse, Mary (Editor). BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 1. Harlow, Essex, GBR: Pearson Education Limited, 2007. p 80. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/croydon/Doc?id=10299110&ppg=89 Copyright  © 2007. Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved. 25/07/13 15:25 Stretch, Beryl (Editor); Whitehouse, Mary (Editor). BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 1. Harlow, Essex, GBR: Pearson Education Limited, 2007. p 81. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/croydon/Doc?id=10299110&ppg=90 Copyright  © 2007. Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved. 15:26 Stretch, Beryl (Editor); Whitehouse, Mary (Editor). BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 1. Harlow, Essex, GBR: Pearson Education Limited, 2007. p 82. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/croydon/Doc?id=10299110&ppg=91 Copyright  © 2007. Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.15:36

P3 U2 Essay

P3: Describe the potential effects of discriminatory practice on those who use health or social care services. Discrimination has the potential to affect individuals in wide-ranging ways. In health and social care, the effects of discrimination can be catastrophic and even end in the death of a service user. Anyone planning a career in health and social care should be aware of the potential negative effects caused by discrimination. We will explore them here. Marginalisation As you might expect, marginalisation means being pushed to the margins of society. In other words, you are unable to participate fully in the health and social care services that are available. Marginalisation can occur at both micro and macro levels. Governments have been accused of marginalising groups of the population in terms of their health and social care needs. Disempowerment People who are discriminated against (especially by powerful groups in society such as health care professionals) are often totally disempowered. This means they are not able to take action Individuals can be disempowered through another form of discrimination – ‘the health worker knows best’ syndrome. Low self-esteem and self-identity If we have high self-esteem and self-worth, it means that we appreciate our own worth and value ourselves highly. Conversely then, having low self-esteem means that we feel helpless and powerless to cope and can even feel depressed. People who are discriminated against are in real danger of developing low self-esteem, which can lead to them being unable to cope with life’s challenges and changes. This is particularly important for those individuals who have to cope with illness or changes in their social condition. If they are to cope well, they need to believe in themselves and their ability to manage, whatever situation they are in. Health care workers need to pay attention to an individual’s self-esteem and constantly work at improving this – this is a good method for helping individuals to cope positively with their situation. Restricted opportunities Discrimination, as we have already seen, has the potential to prevent access to health and social care services. This could be through the attitudes and beliefs of the health care workers who fail to value all individuals or it could be through the effects of low self-esteem. Negative behaviours  including aggression and criminality Another effect of discrimination can be seen in the behaviour of individuals. This is particularly noticeable in children, who often display negative behaviours in order to gain a ttention, even when that attention is negative! Adults and young people as a result of discrimination and low self-esteem can also display negative behavioural traits. However, in these cases the behaviour can take on a much more ‘sinister’ appearance. It may manifest itself as aggression towards those holding power (including health care professionals or those working in the employment and judicial services) and through criminal activity such as drug taking, burglary and physical violence. Loss of rights There have been cases in the national media of care homes, secure or forensic units (places of security for people with dangerous psychiatric behaviours) and individual carers being accused of systematically discriminating against the people in their care and overriding their individual rights by the use of power or force. Older, vulnerable people in residential or nursing care homes are at particular risk of abusive situations because of the high power base of those caring for them. There are occasions when statutory powers are used legitimately to override individual rights. In these cases, doctors and judges can take decisions together to place people in places of safety for their ‘own good’. Another example of the use of statutory powers in operation is when social workers need to work with others such as the police or medical service to take children from unsafe homes and place them in centres of safety. Bibliography Books Stretch, Beryl (Editor); Whitehouse, Mary (Editor). BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 1. Harlow, Essex, GBR: Pearson Education Limited, 2007. p 80. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/croydon/Doc?id=10299110&ppg=89 Copyright  © 2007. Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved. 25/07/13 15:25 Stretch, Beryl (Editor); Whitehouse, Mary (Editor). BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 1. Harlow, Essex, GBR: Pearson Education Limited, 2007. p 81. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/croydon/Doc?id=10299110&ppg=90 Copyright  © 2007. Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved. 15:26 Stretch, Beryl (Editor); Whitehouse, Mary (Editor). BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 1. Harlow, Essex, GBR: Pearson Education Limited, 2007. p 82. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/croydon/Doc?id=10299110&ppg=91 Copyright  © 2007. Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.15:36